Macronutrients and breastfeeding -
More than half of the mothers had caesarean deliveries Moreover, The mean concentrations in breast milk were 1. Table 2 shows the association of the characteristics among lactating women with breast milk composition.
There were significant differences in the protein F 0. Moreover, the lactating women with a college education or above F 0. The lactating women from medium-income families had a higher total dry matter concentration F 0.
Figure 2 shows the results of the principal component analysis to identify dietary patterns of lactating women. Three major dietary patterns were classified by factor analysis and explained Dietary pattern 1 had high intake of fresh vegetables leafy and non-leafy and fresh legumes, but low intake of poultry, organ meats, and eggs.
Dietary pattern 2 had high intake of red meat, cereals, and eggs, but lower intake of animal milk, nuts and seeds, candy, and fast food. Dietary pattern 3 had high intakes of fungi and algae, dried legumes, and soy milk, and lower intakes of starchy roots and tubers, fresh legumes, and rice.
a : Factor loadings for pattern 1; b : Factor loadings for pattern 2; c : Factor loadings for pattern 3. Table 3 shows the breast milk composition by quartile categories of dietary patterns. The lactating women in the top quartile Q4 of pattern 1 had lower concentrations of protein F 0.
There were significant differences in the lactose F 0. There were no significant differences in the fat and energy levels of breast milk across quartiles of the three patterns. Table 4 presents the associations between dietary patterns and breast milk composition based on multivariate analysis.
Dietary patterns 1 and 3 were not significantly associated with the macronutrient concentrations in breast milk. Moreover, lactation period was negatively associated with the protein and total dry matter concentrations and positively associated with lactose in the multivariate linear regression model of associations between dietary patterns and breast milk concentration.
We report here an association between maternal dietary pattern and breast milk macronutrient composition. The results showed that there are three major dietary patterns among lactating women in south-central China: dietary pattern 1 was mainly based on fresh vegetables and fresh legumes; dietary pattern 2 on red meat, cereals, and eggs; and dietary pattern 3 was based on fungi and algae, dried legumes, and soy milk.
Moreover, the protein, total dry matter, and energy concentrations in breast milk were related to the dietary pattern. Macronutrients such as protein, fat, and carbohydrates are the main nutrients in breast milk.
Yang et al. reported that the concentrations in breast milk within 2 to 4 months of delivery in eastern China were 0. Cao et al. Huang et al. reported that the concentrations in breast milk within 9 months of delivery in Sichuan Province [ 19 ] were 1.
This suggests that the macronutrient concentrations in breast milk vary geographically Table 5. In addition, the concentrations of protein, fat, and lactose differed significantly with the stage of lactation in bivariate analyses in our study. The lactation stage is the factor that affects milk composition most strongly; this has been shown in several studies [ 8 , 20 ].
In our multivariate analysis, lactation period was negatively associated with the protein concentration, but positively associated with lactose, which is consistent with previous studies [ 5 , 8 ].
However, no association was found between the fat concentration and lactation period in the multivariate analysis, which is inconsistent with other reports that the fat content declined with the lactation period [ 8 ]. Many recent studies have reported associations between the maternal diet and milk macronutrient composition.
Some studies reported a positive effect of maternal diet on breast milk composition, while others showed the opposite [ 21 ]. In our study, the protein concentration and energy in breast milk were positively related to dietary pattern 2.
Pattern 2 was characterized by high intakes of red meat, cereals, and eggs. Red meat is a high-energy-density food that contains large amounts of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, so a high intake may lead to excessive energy intake [ 22 ].
Venus et al. reported a correlation between the total protein concentration in human milk and maternal daily energy and fat intakes [ 23 ]. Protein is important for physical growth and brain development of neonates, especially premature infants who need more protein for growth and development; however, the breast milk protein content in these mothers decreased more with the lactation period than in term infants [ 24 ].
Therefore, a rational dietary pattern for lactating women will be an effective way to improve infant nutrition. The total dry matter content of breast milk is important for promoting infant growth and development. Wu et al. reported that the higher the total dry matter content of breast milk, the greater the height of the infant [ 25 ].
However, few studies have focused on the association of total dry matter concentration in breast milk with dietary intake. We found that dietary pattern 2 high intake of red meat, cereals, and eggs was associated with the total dry matter content of breast milk. Therefore, the maternal dietary pattern may influence the total dry matter content of breast milk.
Fat is a major source of energy in human milk. Several studies found positive associations between dietary fatty acid intake and the fatty acid concentration in breast milk [ 10 , 21 , 26 ], while others reported no such association [ 27 , 28 ].
In the current study, the pattern was not significantly associated with the fat concentration in breast milk. Lactose is the principal carbohydrate in breast milk. According to Wang et al. However, the lactose concentration in breast milk was not associated with the maternal diet in our study.
Previous studies have shown that economic status is strongly associated with maternal diet, where family income influences the variety and quantity of food intake.
Li et al. reported that family economic status was related to fruit intake in mothers [ 30 ], while Wang et al. reported that family economic status was positively correlated with the dietary diversity of mothers [ 31 ]. However, in this study multivariate analysis showed no association between dietary patterns and family economic status.
This finding may be attributed to the similar demographic characteristics of participants, as they were all recruited from one city.
Therefore, the effect of economic status on maternal dietary patterns should be considered in future studies. This study had several highlights and limitations. First, to our knowledge, this is the first study of the macronutrient composition of breast milk of lactating women and its association with dietary pattern in south-central China, so the findings provide a valuable basis for improving maternal nutrition and infant feeding in this region.
Second, we performed a principal component analysis to analyse dietary patterns, taking into account overall food intake and food interactions.
Nevertheless, this study also had shortcomings. Second, a small number of lactating women was found in the local communities and some were reluctant to enrol in the study. In total, only lactating women were recruited. The sample size is too small to represent the general population, which may limit the generalizability of our findings.
Third, we analysed only the association between macronutrients in breast milk and the dietary pattern. While micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are also important components of breast milk, their contents may be affected by dietary intake [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], so their associations need to be clarified in future studies.
Three major dietary patterns were identified among lactating women in south-central China. Lactation period was an important factor affecting milk composition and a dietary pattern with high intake of red meat, cereals, and eggs was associated with higher protein, total dry matter, and energy contents in breast milk.
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Vitamin D is made when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Good food sources of vitamin D include fortified low-fat or fat-free milk, fortified orange juice, egg yolks, and salmon.
Experts recommend that pregnant and breastfeeding women get international units of vitamin D daily. KidsHealth Parents Pregnant or Breastfeeding? Nutrients You Need. Pregnant or Breastfeeding? en español: ¿Embarazada o amamantando a su bebé? Los nutrientes que necesita. Medically reviewed by: Mary L.
Gavin, MD. Listen Play Stop Volume mp3 Settings Close Player. Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Nutrients Do Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women Need? Calcium Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth, and plays an important role in helping the circulatory, muscular, and nervous systems work properly.
Carbohydrates Eating carbohydrates helps provide energy to support the growth and development of a baby and, after delivery, breastfeeding. Folic acid Folic acid helps with the development of a baby's brain and spinal cord.
Healthy Fats Fat is an important part of any healthy diet. Iodine Iodine helps the body's thyroid gland make hormones that help with growth and brain development.
Iron Eating a diet rich in iron and taking a daily iron supplement while pregnant or breastfeeding helps prevent iron-deficiency anemia.
Protein Protein helps build a baby's muscles, bones, and other tissues, and supports growth, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Vitamin A Vitamin A helps develop a baby's heart, eyes, and immune system.
If you need help, I can calculate everything for you as part of my comprehensive macros coaching package. Ted was very flexible and put together a plan for me that worked. My main concern was to not lose my milk production for my baby but also wanted to make sure I lost weight.
Not only did his nutrition plan work, but I lost 15 lbs total without being able to workout as much with my busy schedule! Click here to cancel reply. I visited your site after the birth of my daughter 9 months ago to figure out my macros while breastfeeding.
pounds that I gained during pregnancy. Do I need the same calorie intake during weaning? Thank you! Great job with tracking macros and consistency. Perhaps start with fewer calories daily and go from there.
Or should I use my weight now in my second trimester and then add the additional macros needed? Hi Taylor, So glad you found the information useful.
All the best for a healthy pregnancy! Prior to my pregnancy I was doing no-so-strict Keto and I had an additional 30 lbs to lose. Am I basing my pregnancy macros off of my maintenance numbers or weight loss?
So I should stick to cals during the first trimester? Or am I using maintenance figures? Hi Christine, Congrats on your pregnancy! You should eat at maintenance during the first trimester to be on the safe side but some overweight women can be in a slight deficit and benefit.
I think you should consult with your OBGYN if you want to do the latter. I was 80kg pre pregnancy BMI 28 overweight. I was told to try keep my weight similar to how it is now for the next few months! I believe this means I do TDEE based on pre pregnancy weight, then add on cals maybe?
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